measurement showed mean extinction–related Angström exponents of 0.8. The particle linear depolarization ratio was, on average, 21-22% which indicates the presence of non–spherical dust particles. Nevertheless, the layer mean Angström exponent was higher than the typical value for pure dust (of around 0), and the 355-nm particle linear depolarization ratio was smaller than the pure–dust values of >26% [...] built-in bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) [Cox and Munk,1954] for the surface albedo. Solar zenith angles were determined from position and time [Blanco-Muriel et al., 2001]. Particle and cloud-free atmospheric conditions are described with standard atmospheres implemented in libRadtran [Anderson et al., 1986] regarding trace gases and radiosonde or GDAS1 profiles of pressure, [...] ted lidar ratios of 48-70 sr and mixed-dust-related lidar ratios of 57-98 sr [Groß et al., 2011 b]. After Tesche et al. [2009], the fractions of dust and smoke were determined on the basis of the particle linear depolarization ratio to be 0.7 and 0.3. Three different scenarios were assumed in the radiative-transfer simulations. Calculations were performed for lofted layers of pure dust or pure smoke

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